Doctorate in Psychology (Ph.D. and Psy.D.)

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Updated October 3, 2024

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Learn more about earning a terminal degree in psychology, including admission requirements, specialization options, and job opportunities for graduates.

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Are you ready to discover your college program?

Both a Ph.D. and Psy.D. in psychology can prepare you for clinical, teaching, or research roles after graduation.

Ph.D. and Psy.D. graduates receive similar training and can conduct research, become professors, or provide therapy services. However, a Psy. D. often focuses more on clinical work and therapy techniques, while a Psy.D. emphasizes research and advancing the field. So, if you are planning to go into private practice or work with patients, consider earning a Psy.D.

This page covers the doctorate in psychology program, including what to expect and how to choose between a Ph.D. and a Psy.D.

Popular Online Psychology Doctoral Programs

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Pros and Cons of Earning a Doctorate in Psychology

Earning a Ph.D. or a Ph.D. in psychology is a significant investment of time and money. While other fields, such as medicine, law, finance, and engineering, often pay more for the same level of education, psychology can offer more work-life balance and the chance to positively impact the lives of others.

It Takes Longer to Earn a Doctorate Degree in Psychology

Most doctoral degrees in psychology programs can be completed in 4-7 years. Students may enroll in a Ph.D. in psychology program after earning their bachelor's in psychology.

  • Pro: To become a licensed psychologist, you must earn a doctorate in psychology and obtain a state license. The demand for mental health professionals is high in most parts of the country, and once you are licensed, you can practice independently. However, if you enjoy collaborating with other professionals, you can work in a hospital, joint practice, or in other group settings.
  • Con: At times, it may be difficult for Ph.D. in psychology students to balance work, internships, clinical training and studies. What's more, most Ph.D. in psychology candidates continue their research and training for 1-2 years after graduation, also known as a postdoctoral fellowship, to gain experience and qualify for licensure.

You Enter the Workforce as an Authority in the Field

Part of enrolling and earning a doctoral degree in psychology is making the time and the connections that allow students to gain intensive practical experience after graduation. If you have a doctorate degree in psychology, you have deep knowledge of the field, including an understanding of more therapy techniques that can help clients.

  • Pro: If you want to become a licensed psychologist or work in academia as a professor and conduct research, you need a doctorate in psychology.
  • Con: Earning a Ph.D. can significantly increase your student loan debt.

A Doctorate Degree in Psychology is Versatile

Because a Ph.D. in psychology is a terminal credential for psychologists, earning a doctoral degree in psychology in this broad field can offer candidates flexibility when searching for a career.

For example, while there may not be many opportunities in a graduate's chosen field right away, a doctoral in psychology is an excellent credential for those who may be interested in teaching at the college or university level.

  • Pro: Only graduates with a Psy.D. or a Ph.D. in psychology can become licensed psychologists (except for school psychologists). Similarly, if you want to become a professor of psychology in most colleges or universities, you will need to graduate from an accredited doctorate in psychology program.

    Because a psychology Ph.D. or Psy.D. is the terminal degree in psychology, graduates can pursue various jobs in clinical work, therapy, consulting, government or nonprofit work, or research.

  • Con: Psychology Ph.D. programs are long and hard work, and even when you graduate you must work under the supervision of a licensed psychologist before you can work independently.

    While many students work while earning their Psy.D. or Ph.D. in psychology, they are often not yet earning at their full potential and graduate with student loans.

    One of the core parts of any doctorate in psychology is conducting original research, which requires years of focus on a single project. Students in psychology Ph.D. programs who do not enjoy the research process may find this very draining.

A Doctoral Degree Offers a High Return on Investment

Because of the high demand for the position and the time and cost psychology Psy.D. or Ph.D. programs involve, psychologist salaries are well above the national average.

  • Pro: Psychologists earn a median salary of over $90,000 annually, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). This is considerably higher than the 2023 national median salary of about $48,000 for all occupations.
  • Con: While only those with a Psy.D. or Ph.D. in psychology can become licensed psychologists, other careers in law, medicine, engineering, or finance typically offer higher salaries. However, for many psychologists, the ability to help others overcome problems or advance research in the field is a main driver for earning a doctorate in psychology.

What Are The Admission Requirements for Psychology Ph.D. and Psy.D Programs?

Psychology Ph.D. programs require a master's in psychology from an accredited program or an equivalent mix of education and experience. Many will accept students with a master's in a related field or a bachelor's degree with work experience.

Students seeking a Ph.D. in psychology often need to demonstrate knowledge of psychology research, while students applying for a Psy.D. program need to show even more extensive research skills or aptitude.

  • Minimum Education Level: Master's degree, although a bachelor's with work experience is often also acceptable
  • Writing Sample: Transcripts from all undergraduate and graduate institutions attended, often with a minimum 3.0 GPA
  • Transcripts: 3-5 letters
  • Standardized Tests: Personal statement of intent; previous academic research papers
  • Recommendations: GRE
  • Additional Required Materials: Immunization records; interviews; comprehensive qualifying exam; health insurance

How Can I Guarantee My Acceptance Into a Doctorate Degree in Psychology Program?

While there is no way to guarantee acceptance into a psychology Ph.D. or Psy.D. program, you can improve your chances through classes, work, community engagement, professional development, and networking. The more you can show that you have strong professional ethics and can succeed in a doctorate program, the better your chances of being accepted.

  • The most important thing an applicant can do to increase their chances of being accepted into a doctorate degree in psychology program is participate in research. Clinical trials and data analysis are some of the most vital components of a psychology career. Psychologists focus as much on mental and behavioral health as they do on studying and understanding human behavior.
  • Completing relevant internships and practicums demonstrates a commitment to independent research and looks great on a doctoral degree in psychology application.
  • Prospective Ph.D. in psychology candidates can increase their chance of acceptance by cultivating professional relationships with a community of peers. Many do so by joining alumni associations, reaching out to colleagues on LinkedIn, and participating in professional organizations.
  • Subscribing to pertinent magazines, forums and workshops that are popular among others in the field. The Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB) is a good source for information on this topic.

Should I Get a Ph.D. or a Psy.D.?

The Ph.D. and Psy.D. degrees differ in a variety of ways. Students should consider each option carefully before choosing a program.

Ph.D. programs in psychology take 5-7 years to complete and often include a one-year internship. These programs sometimes admit fewer students, as they tend to offer more funding opportunities.

Ph.D. programs emphasize research and include more coursework in research methods and statistics. Students typically have more research-based opportunities during the program, and graduates may pursue careers in research or academia.

The Psy.D. takes 4-5 years to complete, including an internship year. These programs focus more on clinical practice than on research. This track may particularly benefit students who wish to work directly with clients in clinical settings.

Both degrees prepare candidates to seek licensure as clinical psychologists. However, Ph.D. programs may best suit individuals who wish to conduct research or teach in colleges and universities after graduating.

What Should I Expect From a Doctorate Degree in Psychology Program?

Degree Completion Specifics

  • Number of Required Credits: 60-125
  • Typical Length of Program: 5-7 years
  • Culminating Experience Project/Paper/Exam: Yes
  • Practicums/Internships: Yes

Core Concepts

Both psychology Ph.D. and Psy.D. programs may include the following common courses.

  • Developmental Psychology: This topic explores the biological, intellectual, and cognitive foundations of behavior.
  • Assessment, Statistics and Research Techniques: Research is a major component of psychology. Students pursuing a Ph.D. in psychology should know how to effectively and efficiently gather pertinent information.
  • Multicultural Competencies: These studies explore some commonly addressed issues for people of all ages, ethnicities, and socioeconomic circumstances.
  • Dissertation Research: Almost every Ph.D. and Psy.D. in psychology program requires candidates to create and present a dissertation. Many courses prepare students to create, catalog, and share this vital work.
  • Ethics and Legal Issues in Psychology: More detailed than bachelor's or master's coursework in the same vein, Ph.D. in psychology students explore the important legal responsibilities and concerns commonly associated with their particular field of study.

Concentrations

Doctorate psychology students often concentrate their studies in a particular clinical or academic discipline. Some popular concentrations include:

  • Behavioral Neuroscience: This subfield explores how human brain systems engage in perception, human error, decision-making, movement, and cognition.
  • Clinical Psychology: Students gather the data necessary to understand emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal functions in adults and children.
  • Abnormal Psychological Disorders: In this subfield, students learn to evaluate, manage, and offer empathetic care to people living with ongoing psychological disorders and trauma.
  • Human Growth and Development: This research track investigates how the human mind evolves and devolves across the lifespan, paying special attention to behaviors, aptitudes, and at-risk behaviors.
  • Developmental: This focus area is ideal for those who wish to learn valuable skills for careers such as teaching, intervention, and research. A developmental psychology specialty explores cognitive/socio-emotional development and developmental psychopathology.

What Kinds of Psychology Careers Can I Pursue With a Doctorate Degree in Psychology?

Most graduates from psychology Psy.D. or Ph.D. programs work as licensed psychologists or in academic settings as researchers and professors. However, graduates can also pursue government, corporate, or consultant roles.

Clinical Psychologist

Clinical psychologists diagnose patients and prescribe treatment for psychological disorders. They often specialize in a particular approach such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or behavioral therapy, or in a particular type of patient or condition, such as adolescents or eating disorders.

They differ from counseling psychologists, who emphasize helping patients with specific issues rather than a disorder. The average annual salary, according to the BLS, is $106,600.

Industrial-Organizational Psychologist

Industrial-organizational psychologists or human resource managers apply psychology to improve organizational performance in corporations. They provide guidance on organizational culture, leadership development, motivation, and other issues related to productivity. This is one of the higher-paid specialties, according to the BLS, with an average annual salary of $154,380.

Postsecondary Clinical Psychology Educator

Postsecondary clinical psychology educators include college and university professors and other faculty and staff. While the BLS-reported annual salary of $93,990 is lower than other specialties, many professors are eligible for tenure. Administrations expect educators to both teach and publish; the balance will vary by school and position.

Forensic Psychologist

Forensic psychologists work in the legal or justice system in a number of roles. They may work as part of criminal investigative teams, as consultants for criminal law firms, or as part of the correctional system. While many are licensed psychologists, some have a master's rather than a psychology doctorate. The annual salary, according to July 2024 Payscale data, is $80,060.

Educational Psychologist

Educational psychologists apply psychology to improve school and educational performance. School psychologists primarily work with students and families, while educational psychologists focus more on improving the schools' and teachers' overall teaching capacity. According to the BLS, the average annual salary is $91,990.

Research Psychologist

Research psychologists conduct psychological research in corporate, nonprofit, or government research settings. Their work may include user experience design, nonprofit or government program monitoring and evaluation, or research on ways to improve military performance and morale. According to Salary.com, the average annual salary is $104,041.

Frequently Asked Questions About Doctoral Programs in Psychology

Can you prescribe medicine with a Ph.D. in psychology?

While some states allow licensed psychologists to prescribe certain medications, psychologists do not have the same prescribing authority as doctors, psychiatrists, or advanced practice nurses.

In many cases, you do not need to hold a master's to apply to a Ph.D. program in psychology. Many programs accept candidates who hold a bachelor's in the field. Some may require work or internship experience in addition to a bachelor's degree, but this varies from program to program.

A variety of fully online psychology Ph.D. programs allow students to earn their degree anywhere, at any time. However, students must complete clinical requirements in person. It's also important to note that the APA does not accredit online-only programs.

Professionals in all states must hold either a Ph.D. or Psy.D. to obtain licensure and practice as a psychologist. A doctorate in psychology prepares candidates for clinical practice and more advanced roles in the field. Those with a Ph.D. also tend to earn more than those with a master's degree.

Doctoral programs in psychology tend to have high admissions standards, making them very competitive. On-campus programs may be even harder to get into, as they sometimes offer competitive funding and assistantship positions. Applicants should demonstrate a strong academic record with a high GPA.

Ph.D. programs in psychology tend to emphasize research and often include more courses in research methods and statistics. Psy.D. programs emphasize clinical practice, and are best suited for individuals seeking more clinical experience.

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